Concordance analyses of twins with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex suggest genetic etiology.

Heiko Reutter,* Lihong Qi, John P. Gearhart, Thomas Boemers, Anne-Karoline Ebert, Wolfgang Rösch, Michael Ludwig, and Simeon A. Boyadjiev Department of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Rowe Program in Human Genetics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California—Davis, Davis, California Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital, Cologne, Germany Department of Pediatric Urology, St. Hedwig Hospital, Barmherzige Brüder, Germany Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Section of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California—Davis, Davis, California